Identifies many members of the cytokeratin group of cytoskeletal proteins and reacts with most epithelial types, including bile ducts and hepatocytes in liver, bladder epithelium, breast ducts, bronchial epithelium, endometrium, intestinal epithelium of stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, rectum, pancreas, ovarian epithelium, pancreatic acini, pituitary acini, pneumocytes, prostate, thyroid, skin (positive on the basal layer), and apocrine and sweat glands. In tumors, it is reactive with most carcinomas, including breast, transitional cell, renal cell, lung adenocarcinoma, lung small cell, lung squamous cell, endometrial, prostate, ovarian, hepatocellular, colorectal CA, stomach, and thyroid. It is negative in certain normal tissues, including brain, lymphocytes and all cells of hematolymphoid origin, muscle, brain, nerves, endothelium, and in certain tumors including most melanomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and gastrointestinal and stromal tumors. It is positive on some dendritic cells in lymph nodes, some endothelia, and some muscle cells.
Identifies a nuclear protein expressed in proliferating (i.e. non-G0) cells. It is preferentially expressed during late G1, S, M, and G2 phases of the cell cycle, while cells in the G0 phase are negative. It is used as a quantitative marker of cell proliferation in tumors, where increased proliferative activity is associated with more aggressive tumor and decreased disease-free survival period.
Identifies lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1, a nuclear transcription factor in the WNT/beta-catenin signaling pathway that is normally expressed in T cells and immature pro-B cells, but not in normal mature B cells. LEF1 overexpression is highly associated with CLL/SLL among small B-cell lymphomas and may serve as a useful marker for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the disease, but it is almost always negative in mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and low-grade follicular lymphoma, and therefore may be helpful in distinguishing CLL/SLL from mantle cell lymphoma.
Identifies Luteinizing Hormone (LH), a tropic hormone that modulates the secretory of other endocrine glands and is produced in the anterior hypophysis of the pituitary gland. It is useful for the labeling of normal gonadotropic cells of the pituitary and for assessment of hypothalamic and pituitary function, as well as for the classification of pituitary adenomas, the differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic tumors of the pituitary, and to distinguish between primary and secondary gonadal failure.
Identifies a cysteine-rich protein that plays a central and crucial role in hematopoietic development and is expressed in normal human germinal-center (GC) and GC-derived lymphomas. It is also expressed at high levels in endothelial cells, spleen, hematopoietic precursors, and a significant proportion of acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias. In the setting of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), LMO2 has high sensitivity in differentiating between germinal center B-cell DLBCLs and non-germinal center B-cell DLBCLs. It is rarely expressed in mature T, NK, and plasma cell neoplasms and is absent from non-hematolymphoid tissues, except for endothelial cells.
The antibody to the lambda light chain of immunoglobulin is reportedly useful in the identification of leukemias, plasmacytomas, and certain non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Marked decreases in the ration of kappa-positive cells to lambda-positive cells in normal/polyclonal B cell and plasma cell populations indicate lambda light chain-restriction, which is conventionally used as a surrogate for clonality among B cell neoplasms, and therefore malignancy.
The target of this test is the lambda light chain immunoglobulin mRNA in the cytoplasm of immunoblastic cells, plasma cells, and plasmacytoid cells. The detection of mRNA transcripts can be a useful surrogate for protein expression to determine the light chain restriction status for plasma cell and plasmacytoid B cell populations and aids in the distinction between neoplastic and reactive lymphoid proliferations and the evaluation of multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma, lymphomas with plasmacytoid features, immunoblastic lymphomas, and reactive plasma cell proliferations.
Identifies Langerin, a protein encoded by the CD207 gene, which is a transmembrane cell surface receptor produced by Langerhans cells and Langerhans cell neoplasms. It is a highly selective marker for Langerhans cells and the lesional cells of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Langerin protein expression has utility in differentiating Langerhans cell histiocytosis from other non-Langerhans cell histiocytic proliferations.
Identifies a glycoside hydrolase that is a marker for granulocytes and granulocytic neoplasms. It is synthesized predominantly in reactive histiocytes rather than in resting, unstimulated phagocytes. This antibody labels myeloid cells, histiocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and monocytes. It is helpful in the identification of myeloid or monocytic nature of acute leukemia.
This test detects MDM2 gene amplification for the diagnosis of certain adipocytic tumors, specifically well-differentiated liposarcomas, atypical lipomatous tumors, and dedifferentiated liposarcomas containing cytogenic alterations of the 12q13-15 region. Benign lipomas and lipocytic tumors as well as most other non-lipomatous sarcomas and mesenchymal neoplasms have been shown to be negative for MDM2 amplification, and this test aids in distinguishing lipomatous/dedifferentiated liposarcomas from nonlipocytic sarcomas and mesenchymal neoplasms. Amplifications are detected infrequently in other soft tissue sarcomas, and are not detected in benign lipomas.
5q31 del EGR1 / 5p15.31 D5S630
D20S108 20q12 / 20p13 Chr20p Tel
7q31.2 D7S486 / Chr 7 CEP
Chr8 CEP
Identifies a DNA repair enzyme that is associated with the DNA-alkylating therapies employed in the treatment of gliomas. Methylation or hypermethylation of the MGMT gene promoter down-regulates or inactivates the normal DNA-repair function of the MGMT enzyme, which can make tumors more susceptible to radiation or alkylating agent-based therapy. Testing is particularly useful in gliomas, as glioblastoma patients have shown improved survival when treated with radiation and temozolomide over patients with non-methylated tumors. Methylation has also been associated with improved survival in anaplastic gliomas, regardless of treatment. MGMT methylation has also been reported in other tumors including colorectal, lung, and lymphoma.
Identifies a nuclear protein that regulates the development and survival of melanocytes that is expressed in the majority of primary and metastatic epithelioid malignant melanomas as well as in normal melanocytes, benign nevi, and dysplastic nevi. MITF is restricted to the melanocyte cell lineage.
Detects a mismatch repair protein involved in maintaining the integrity of genetic information. Mutations in the MLH1 gene have been reported to be found in tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI). Loss of gene expression can help define MSI type colonic carcinomas, a subset of sporadic carcinomas, and breast cancer. Loss of expression of MLH1 has also been reported in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, endometrial carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and ovarian carcinoma.
Identifies epithelial glycoprotein 2, a cell surface protein present on epithelial cells but not on mesothelial cells. The expression of this protein has been demonstrated to help in the distinction of adenocarcinoma (positive) from mesothelioma (negative). MOC31 also does not label liver as well as hepatocellular carcinoma, therefore it is useful in the differential diagnosis of liver metastases versus hepatocellular carcinomas.
Identifies one of the mismatch repair gene products, which is involved in the initial recognition of mismatched nucleotides during the post replication mismatch repair process. Loss of MSH2 function leads to the accumulation of replication errors, which may be responsible for the multiple mutations required for multistage carcinogenesis. Loss of expression is linked to tumors in Lynch Syndrome patients, as well as identify MSI type sporadic colonic and other carcinomas.
Identifies one of the mismatch repair gene products. MSH6 mutations appear to be associated with atypical HNPCC and in particular with development of endometrial carcinoma or atypical endometrial hyperplasia, the presumed precursor of endometrial cancer. Loss of expression can help identify tumors in Lynch Syndrome patients, as well as identify MSI type sporadic colonic and other carcinomas. Loss of MSG6 is generally accompanied by simultaneous loss of MSH2, although selective loss of MSH6 can also be seen.
Identifies a high molecular weight glycoprotein that is found on the apical surface of many glandular epithelia, including the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts, and some hematopoietic cell lineages. MUC1 expression in tumors is greatly increased and accompanied by altered aberrant expression patterns that become more diffuse when compared to the normal apically restricted pattern, and it has been implicated in progression of numerous types of cancer, including breast, colon, lung, gastric, and pancreatic cancers.
Detects Mucin 2 in human tissues such as normal colon, breast, prostate, and salivary gland, as well as in gastrointestinal, colonic, breast, and prostate neoplasia. This antibody labels MUC2 in normal colon and colonic carcinomas where it produces intense perinuclear staining in goblet cells.
An immunohistochemical marker for low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) and sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma, useful in determining if performing FISH evaluation for a FUS rearrangement should be considered.
Detects Mucin 6, which is expressed in mucopeptic neck cells and pyloric glands of the gastric mucosa, as part of a panel of antibodies in differentiation of gastric cancer.
Identifies the MUM1 gene product, a protein that is overexpressed in late plasma-cell-directed stages of B-cell differentiation. In hematolymphoid neoplasms, MUM1 is positive in multiple myelomas, lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas, Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma and in approximately 50% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. It is expressed at low levels in marginal zone lymphomas, follicular lymphomas, and B cell CLL/SLL, and it is negative on Burkitt's lymphoma. MUM1 appears to be a marker of prognostic value as it has been found that the expression of MUM1 is associated with the poor prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Identifies a breast-associated glycoprotein that is a sensitive and specific marker of carcinomas primary to the breast. In normal breast tissue, this antibody labels breast ductal and lobular epithelial cells; in tumor cells, it reacts with all types of breast adenocarcinoma regardless of tumor differentiation and type. This protein can also be expressed in a subset of salivary gland tumors as well as ovarian carcinomas, but adenocarinomas from other organs rarely express mammaglobin. It can help in the identification of primary cites of carcinomas.
Identifies a differentiation antigen that is expressed in melanocytes and is a sensitive and specific marker of melanoma. It recognizes a subcellular fraction found in melanosomes and is a useful addition to melanoma panels as it is specific for melanocytic lesions. Both HMB 45 and Melan A are co-expressed in the majority of melanomas, but MART1 is also a marker of sex cord-stromal and adrenal cortical tumors.
Differentiates between collagen and smooth muscle in tumors and identifies diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver.
Used to identify epithelial mucins, namely acid mucopolysaccharides, in order to distinguish mucin negative undifferentiated squamous cell lesions from mucin positive adenocarcinomas. It also stains the mucopolysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans.
Identifies tyrosinase, a copper-containing metalloglycoprotein that is the rate limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin. It is a marker of melanocytic cells and tumors and is one of the targets for cytotoxic T-cell recognition in melanoma patients. Staining of melanomas with this antibody showed tyrosinase in melanotic as well as amelanotic variants. It is a less sensitive marker of melanoma than HMB-45 and MART-1.
Identifies a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by mesothelial cells and malignant mesothelioma, but also by non-mucionous ovarian carcinomas, breast carcinomas, pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and squamous tumors of the esophagus and cervix. Displays significantly less specificity for mesotheliomas than other markers such as WT-1, calretinin, and podoplanin.
Used to provide confirmatory evidence in the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis.
This antibody recognizes the alpha and gamma isotypes of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells, and is non-reactive with other mesenchymal cells and all epithelial cells except for myoepithelium. It is useful in identifying tumors with muscle differentiation and detecting myoepithelial cells.
The Myeloma MRD Panel by Flow Cytometry evaluates for the presence of minimal residual disease (MRD) in patients with previously diagnosed and treated multiple myeloma. The limit of detection is 0.01%. Markers include VS38c, CD19, CD20, CD27, CD45, CD56, CD81, CD117, CD138, CD269(BCMA), cKappa, and cLambda (12 markers).
Identifies a peroxidase enzyme used by granulocytes during phagocytic lysis of engulfed foreign particles expressed at high levels in cells showing granulocytic differentiation. In normal tissues and in a variety of myeloproliferative disorders, myeloid cells of both neutrophilic and eosinophilic types, at all stages of maturation, exhibit strong cytoplasmic reactivity for MPO. MPO is useful in differentiating between myeloid and lymphoid leukemias.
14q32.33 IgH DF / 4p16.3 FGFR3 DF
14q32.33 IgH DF / 16q23.2 MAF DF
14q32.33 IgH DF / 20q12 MAFB DF
14q32.33 IgH DF / CCND1 DF
17p13.1 TP53(P53) / 17P13.3CHR17
13q14.2 D13S319 / 13Q34LAMP1
1q21.3 CKS1B / 1p32.3 CDKN2C
Identifies a nuclear transcription factor that plays a key role in the regulation of skeletal muscle differentiation, with nuclear expression restricted to skeletal muscle tissue and a sensitive marker of myogenic differentiation. It strongly labels the nuclei of myoblasts in developing skeletal muscle tissue, whereas the majority of adult skeletal muscle is negative. It can be employed as a highly sensitive and specific marker of rhabdomyosarcoma.
Identifies a nuclear transcription factor that plays a key role in the regulation of skeletal muscle differentiation. Expression is restricted to cells of skeletal muscle origin and is a useful marker for tumors of the muscle lineage, being strongly expressed in rhabdomyosarcoma.
This antibody can be employed to identify the presence of myoglobin-containing tubular casts in the lumina of renal tubules, but is not a recommended marker of rhabdomyosarcoma as there are much more specific markers.
Identifies a nuclear transcription factor to the NK2 homebox gene, involved in neural morphogenesis as well as the development of neuroendocrine cells, such as those of pancreatic islet cells. the expression of NKX2.2 is a useful biomarker for distinguishing primitive neuroectodermal tumor/Ewing sarcoma (PNET/ES) from other small blue round cell tumors when used as a component of a panel of other tests.
Identifies a putative tumor suppressor protein that is expressed almost exclusively in the prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma. It stains the nuclei in both normal and prostate cancer and along with other prostate-restricted markers and may be valuable to definitely determining prostatic origin in poorly differentiated metastatic carcinomas.
A nuclear protein that is expressed in the germ cells of the testis and ovary. NUT midline carcinomas (NMCs) are aggressive tumors with non-diagnostic morphology that overlaps with many other poorly differentiated tumors but is defined by the presence of chromosomal rearrangement involving the NUT gene on chromosome 15q14, which causes protein overexpression. NUT overexpression by IHC may also be seen in other diseases, such as porocarcinoma, so a diagnosis of NUT midline carcinoma should not be based on NUT IHC positivity alone.
Identifies an aspartic protease expressed at high levels by type II pneumocytes of the lung that has a specific function in normal alveolar epithelium and is proposed to play a role in the proteolytic processing of surfactant precursors. It is a highly sensitive and specific marker of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, although it can also be expressed in a subset of renal cell carcinomas and ovarian carcinomas.
Identifies a neuronal nuclear antigen expressed by most neuronal cell types throughout the nervous system, including the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, spinal cord, and neurons in the peripheral nervous system, including dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, and enteric ganglia. It is a sensitive and specific marker of neuronal differentiation in brain tumors.
Identifies the intermediate filament protein comprising neurofilaments, which are expressed exclusively within tumors of neural origin or tumors displaying neuronal differentiation, such as neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, and retinoblastoma. This antibody labels neurons, neuronal processes and peripheral nerves, as well as sympathetic ganglion cells and adrenal medulla. The cell bodies of neurons are weakly stained.
Octamer transcription factor 2 is a transcription factor expressed by all normal B cells throughout maturation. The combination of BOB1 and OCT2 stains is helpful in distinguishing between classical Hodgkin lymphoma (at least one marker negative) and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (both markers expressed).
Identifies a nuclear transcription factor expressed by early embryonic cells, germ cells, and stem cells. It is a nuclear marker of classical seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. It has excellent sensitivity and specificity for these two tumors and can be used as the screen for these neoplasms when dealing with a metastatic tumor of unknown origin.
Identifies a transcription factor involved in oligodendroglial specification, which is expressed in most glial tumors, such as oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas. Olig2 is negative in the non-glial tumors including neuroepithelial tumors, ependymomas, subependymomas, medulloblastomas, and nonneuroepithelial tumors, such as CNS lymphomas, meningiomas, Schwannomas, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, and haemangioblastomas.
Identifies a tyrosine kinase which binds to E-cadherin within the cell membrane and predominates in virtually all types of epithelia. When E-cadherin is absent, P120 Catenin moves to the cell cytoplasm; therefore, it is useful in the diagnostic distinction between lobular (cytoplasmic staining pattern) and ductal (membranous) breast neoplasia.
Identifies a tumor suppressor gene that inhibits the progression of the cell cycle through the G1 phase. Overexpression of the p16 protein has been observed in CIN I, II, and III, where it can serve as a surrogate for the presence of high risk HPV types. The gene is also frequently deleted or mutated in tumors such as melanomas, gliomas, esophageal, pancreatic, lung, and urinary bladder carcinomas, and some types of leukemias. p16 overexpression can also serve as a prognostic marker in the context of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.
This antibody recognizes two isoforms of p63. The Np63 (p40) isoform is predominant in basal and myoepithelial cells, as well as squamous cell carcinomas of lung and other sites. It is a more specific marker than p63 and eliminates potentially misinterpreting a p63-positive adenocarcinoma as squamous cell carcinoma.
Identifies a tumor suppressor gene product that regulates cell proliferation and prevents genome mutation. Excess accumulation of the mutant p53 gene product results in inactivation of its tumor suppressor function and cellular transformation. Overexpression of p53 correlates with the presence of p53 mutations and can serve as a marker of malignancy, and has also been associated with high proliferative rates and poor prognosis in breast, colon, lung, and brain cancer, as well as in some leukemias and lymphomas.
Identifies a paternally imprinted protein which is an inhibitor of several G1 cyclin complexes and is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Expression of this protein is lost in cytotrophoblasts of molar pregnancy. The gene encoding human p57 is located on chromosome 11p15.5, a region implicated in both sporadic cancers, Wilm's tumor, and Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome, making it a tumor suppressor candidate. The combination of analysis of p57 expression and ploidy (e.g. by FISH) can help define complete moles, incomplete moles, and hydropic normal villi. It is also useful in differentiating between complete hydatidiform mole (no nuclear p57 expression) and partial hydatidiform mole or spontaneous abortion (normal expression).
Identifies a homologue of the p53 gene that is necessary for normal breast and prostate development and is expressed in myoepithelial cells, squamous and transitional epithelial cells, and the basal layer of prostate and other epithelial tissues. Unlike other markers of myoepithelial cells and basal cells, p63 immunoreactivity is localized to the nucleus of cells. Identification of p63, or its absence, can be useful in identifying the presence of invasive carcinoma in breast and prostate, as well as the identification of squamous and transitional cell carcinomas.
Identifies a nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors that is responsible for playing critical roles during fetal development and cancer growth. PAX8 is involved in kidney cell differentiation and thyroid development. It is expressed in three of the most common types of renal cell carcinoma, including clear cell, chromophobe, and papillary carcinoma. It is also a marker of carcinomas of the GYN tract (ovary, endometrium) and is expressed in thyroid carcinomas. It stains nuclei exclusively and performs well in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues.
Identifies a cell surface protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily that is a marker of follicular helper T (TFH) cells and is expressed on activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. TFH cells are normally found in the germinal centers of benign lymphoid tissues, and are the putative cell of origin for some T cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, including angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphomas, and because PD-1 is expressed by few B cells, it may be a more specific and useful diagnostic marker in angioimmunoblastic lymphoma. Anti-PD-1 therapy represents a promising new therapy designed to enhance ability of the immune system to target and kill cancer cells.
Identifies a transmembrane protein involved in cellular and humoral immune response regulation expressed in a variety of cancers on tumor and/or immune cells. Binding of PD-L1 to its ligand PD-1, which is expressed by various immune cell types including T cells, transmits an inhibitory signal that attenuates T cell function, expansion, and survival. Many tumor types can express PD-L1, including breast, ovarian, gastric, pancreatic, lung and renal cell carcinomas, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. PDL1 expression by tumor cells is thought to inhibit the local immune response to the tumor, at least in part by binding to T cell PD-1 and protecting the tumor from T cell mediated immunity; therefore, blockade of the PD1/PDL1 axis by humanized monoclonal antibodies has emerged as a promising new cancer therapy.
Identifies an enzyme produced by syncytiotrophoblasts after the 12th week of pregnancy and is highly expressed in seminoma. It is expressed by both malignant somatic and germ cell tumors and can be useful in distinguishing seminoma and embryonal carcinomas from undifferentiated malignant tumors.
Identifies a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein which coordinates the binding of other proteins that repair DNA errors arising during cell preparation for cell division. The loss of PMS2 expression in tumors can be helpful in identifying hMLH1 mutation carriers and tumors in Lynch Syndrome patients, as well as identifying 'MSI' type sporadic colonic and other carcinomas. PMS2 gene defects account for a small but significant proportion of colorectal cancers and for a substantial proportion of tumors with microsatellite instability.
Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma is expressed in about 90% among melanoma subtypes, while negative in about 85% of cutaneous melanocytic nevi. Immunohistochemical analysis of PRAME may be useful for diagnostic purposes to support diagnosis of melanoma.
Identifies a 750 amino acid type II membrane glycoprotein with folate hydrolase and neuropeptidase activity expressed in normal and malignant prostatic epithelium and in a subset of non-prostatic tissues. In prostate cancer, PSMA expression correlates with disease progression, with the highest levels expressed in hormone-refractory and metastatic disease. Expression has also been reported on the neovasculature of a variety of non-prostatic solid tumors.
Identifies a tumor suppressor that is mutated in a wide range of cancers, causing loss of expression in a number of human tumors, including breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer, and may be observed in Cowden syndrome tumors. Loss of PTEN expression may be a prognostic and predictive biomarker in breast and prostate cancer, correlating positively with advanced stage disease. Recent studies have reported that PTEN may be a powerful predictor of response to Herceptin in HER2 positive breast cancer.