Identifies intracytoplasmic globules in the context of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, benign and malignant hepatic tumors, and yolk sac carcinoma. Useful for screening patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis or other forms of liver disease with portal fibrosis of uncertain cause.
Reacts with ACTH-producing cells and some other tumors causing paraneoplastic syndromes by secreting ACTH, helpful in classifying pituitary tumors and pituitary diseases.
Identifies the tumor-associated embryonal antigen produced by fetal liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumors, and several germ cell tumors of testicular and ovarian origin.
Identifies ALK protein, which is found in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, embryonal carcinomas, and in a subset of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors.
ATRX mutations identify grade II/III astrocytoma and secondary glioblastoma multiforme brain tumors, while ATRX loss identifies a subgroup of astrocytic tumors with favorable prognosis.
Used to detect the presence of acid-fast mycobacteria, rod-shaped organisms that sometimes exhibit fungus-like growth. Significant disease-producing mycobacteria are Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae.
Adenoviruses induce latent infections in tonsils, adenoids, and other lymphoid tissue of man, and this antibody identifies adenovirus infected cells, reacting with all 41 serotypes of Adenovirus.
Identifies weakly sulfated mucins in tissue samples.
Identifies cells responsible for the regulation of the growth of the prostate epithelial cells, positive in a subset of carcinomas, including those primary to the breast, salivary gland, and prostate. In untreated prostate carcinoma, AR positive cells are more likely to be responsive to hormonal therapy, while in hormone refractory prostate carcinoma, the presence of AR has a negative prognostic impact.
Identifies a gene related to phagocytosis, found to be highly upregulated in hairy cell leukemia, and stains myeloid cells, macrophages, and subsets of benign T-cells.
A highly sensitive and specific marker of benign and malignant hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Detection of clonal IgH gene rearrangements by PCR of IgH framework regions 1, 2, 3 and joining regions.
Ig Kappa gene rearrangement analysis is performed using specific oligonucleotides recognizing the Vk, intragenic and Jk regions.
BAP1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene, and the loss of this gene is 100% specific for malignant mesothelioma in the context of mesothelial hyperplasia. When the stain is combined with p16 FISH, it separates benign mesothelial proliferations from malignant ones, especially when invasion by mesothelial cells cannot be demonstrated.
Identifies cyclin D1, a more frequently altered cell cycle regulator in cancers found in the majority of mantle cell lymphomas. Hairy cell leukemia and plasmacytoma may also express the protein with a weaker signal.
Identifies a translocation-associated cytoplasmic/mitochondrial protein that inhibits apoptosis. Overexpressed in the majority of follicular lymphomas and in a significant minority of diffuse large B cell lymphomas of germinal center phenotype and in synovial sarcomas and some muscle-derived tumors.
Stains a nuclear protein expressed by normal germinal center B cells, the follicular cells and interfollicular cells in follicular lymphoma, a large subset of diffuse large B cell lymphomas, all Burkitt lymphomas, and the majority of Reed-Sternberg cells in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Rarely stains mantle cell lymphoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and BCL6 expression is absent in peripheral T-cell lymphomas.
Real-time RT-PCR for quantitative detection of t(9;22) BCR-ABL1 fusion transcripts that result in major p210 (e13a2 and/or e14a2) or minor p190 (e1a2) fusion proteins with option to add p230 detection (micro or atypical variant). Analytical sensitivity is 0.002% for p210 and 0.005% for p190, depending on quality and quantity of the isolated RNA and absence of interfering substances.
RT-PCR and sequencing of the BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript for qualitative detection of mutations associated with resistance to Gleevec (imatinib) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Analysis includes detection of all mutations recommended by guidelines, including the common T315I, Y253H, E255K/V, F359V/C/I, F317L/V/I/C, T315A, and V299L.
Identifies the Lewis Y blood group related antigen, which is a sensitive marker of adenocarcinoma and is not expressed or expressed only at very low levels in mesothelial cells or mesothelioma.
Identifies all normal B cells throughout maturation, and the combination of both BOB1 and OCT2 identifies almost all non-Hodgkin lymphomas, plasma cell neoplasms, and nodular lymphocyte predominance lymphomas, but when one or both is absent it identifies classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation analysis is performed by next-generation sequencing of all coding exons of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes to detect point mutations and small insertions/deletions. This test does not detect large deletions or duplications.
Loss of expression identifies small cell carcinoma of ovary, hypercalcemic type.
Identifies a glycoprotein present on the surface and the cytoplasm of all epithelial cells except the superficial layers of squamous epithelial, hepatocytes, and parietal cells. It is expressed in the vast majority of adenocarcinoma but does not label mesothelial cells and is almost always negative in mesothelioma. It also reportedly distinguishes adenocarcinomas from pleural mesotheliomas.
Identifies an important regulator of cell-cell adhesion and embryogenesis, and mutations of this showing abnormal localization (cytoplasmic or nuclear staining) are characteristic of abdominal fibromatoses. High levels of nuclear expression can also be seen in endometrial stromal tumors, synovial sarcomas, solitary fibrous tumors, osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, palisaded myofibroblastoma, and a subset of colorectal and endometrial adenocarcinoma. Dysregulation of beta-catenin also occurs in Gardner syndrome, and leads to both familial adenomatous polyposis and fibromatosis.
Identifies a transcription factor localized to the nucleus of the cell and the product of the gene first discovered in Burkitt's lymphoma. The protein is overexpressed as a result of chromosomal translocation involving chromosome 8 and overexpression is present in 20-30% of breast cancer cases, 90% of Burkitt's lymphoma, and over 50% in a subset of cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It is also positive in radiation-associated angiosarcoma.
A useful tumor marker for ovarian carcinomas because it reacts with most epithelial ovarian neoplasms of serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and undifferentiated types. It has also been described in other neoplasms such as seminal vesicle and anaplastic lymphomas. It also reacts with both normal tissues and neoplasms of fallopian tube, endometrium, endocervix, and mesothelioma, but does not react with mucinous ovarian tumors and colon cancer, and normal tissues such as breast, liver, skin, kidney, and spleen are negative.
This antigen is present in normal tissues of the ductal epithelium of the breast, kidney, salivary gland, sweat glands, respiratory epithelium of the lung, colon epithelium, pancreatic acini and ducts, biliary epithelium in the liver, and prostate epithelium. It is positive for gastrointestinal carcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder, endometrial adenocarcinomas, thyroid paillary, gallblader carcinomas, and lung carcinomas, including adenocarcinomas, bronchoalveolar cell carcinomas, and squamous and small cell carcinomas.
Fragment analysis of exon 9 of the CALR (calreticulin) gene for enhanced detection of low levels of insertion/deletion mutations.
A follicular B cell surface marker expressed in early lymphoid progenitors and normal germinal center cells. Almost always present on the surface of precursor B-lymphoblastic and Burkitt lymphomas but much less frequently present on precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemia-lymphoma. It is also expressed in a subset of non-hematopoietic tumors, including atypical fibroxanthoma, and is positive in many follicular lymphoma and some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and multiple myeloma. It is a good marker of endometrial stomal sarcoma and is also present on breast myoepithelial cells, bile canaliculi, fibroblasts, and highly expressed on the brush border of kidney and gut epithelial cells.
Reacts with the integrin subunit cell surface antigen expressed in intraepithelial T-lymphocytes, hairy cell leukemia, enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma, and some splenic marginal zone lymphomas. Used to identify hairy cell leukemia and distinguish it from marginal zone lymphomas and other potential mimics, and to identify intraepithelial gastrointestinal T cells.
A protein kinase transmembrane receptor that is expressed in tissues and cells such as tissue mast cells, skin basal cells, melanocytes, breast glandular epithelial cells, dermal sweat gland, esophageal glands, and testicular and ovarian interstitial cells. It is a marker of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and is also expressed in melanomas, breast carcinomas, and small cell lung carcinoma. A mutant form of gastrointestinal stromal tumor is the target of imatinib mesylate therapy.
Expressed in normal cells on activated CD4/CD8+ T cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells, while in diseased cells it is detected on acute myeloid leukemia M4 and M5, hairy cell leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, splenic lymphoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, sinus histiocytosis, psoriatic skin lesions, and some follicular lymphomas.
Identifies the interleukin-3 receptor and labels plasmacytoid dendritic cells. It is useful in diagnosing neoplasms derived from these cells and is also expressed at variable intensity in all classical hairy cell leukemia, most B-ALLs, and in a subset of AMLs. It is also useful for diagnosing reactive conditions such as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadentis.
Identifies a cell surface-associated protein and positively stains normal tissue including B-cell precursors and plasma cells and almost all plasmacytic/plasmablastic neoplasms. It is positively stained in tumors such as myeloma and primary effusion lymphoma. It is also expressed by a significant subset of normal and neoplastic epithelia.
CD14 is a glycoprotein expressed on mature monocytes, histiocytes/macrophages, Langerhans cells, neutrophils to a lesser degree, and facilitates phagocytic uptake. It stains normal macrophages/monocytes, granulocytes, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and B cells. It also distinguishes neoplasms of monocytic and Langerhans cell origin from other hematolymphoid neoplasms. Positive staining in diseased cells indicates B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemmia, follicular center cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and acute myeloid leukemia.
A cytoplasmic and cell-surface associated protein that plays a role in mediating phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and chemotaxis. It is strongly expressed by granulocytes at the promelocyte and later stages, and to a lesser degree on monocytes/histiocytes. It is also expressed in Reed-Sternberg cells and some epithelial cells and occasionally in large cell lymphomas of both B- and T- phenotypes, and is useful in identifying Hodgkin lymphoma.
A transmembrane protein that acts as a scavenger receptor and is restricted in expression to the monocytic/macrophage lineage. It is present on all circulating monocytes and germinal centers of lymphoid follicles, interdigitating reticulum cells and Langerhans cells.
A cell surface glycoprotein that is first expressed by cells of the B-cell lineage and follicular dendritic cells, and continues to be expressed at variable levels through terminal B-lymphoid differentiation in plasma cells. The majority of mature and immature B-lymphoid neoplasms express CD19 and it may be useful in providing diagnostic information for the study of B-lymphoproliferative disorders.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed on cortical thymocytes, Langerhans cells, and dendritic cells. It is expressed at the "dual-positive" stage of T cell development and on a subset of precursor T lymphoblastic leukemias/lymphomas corresponding to this stage of T cell development. While it is absent on mature peripheral blood T-cells, it is detected on activated T-lymphocytes.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed in both immature and mature T cells, as well as natural killer (NK) cells. Rare cases of acute myeloid leukemia show aberrant coexpression of CD2 on the leukemic blasts, and half of thymic B-cells are also positive.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed during the middle to later stages of B cell maturation in the bone marrow, and all normal mature B cells. It is expressed on mature B-cells until plasma cell development and on ollicular dendritic cells. In diseased cells, most B-cell lymphomas, some pre-acute B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma, lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphomas are positively stained and it is dimly expressed in both benign and neoplastic T-cells and spindle cell thyomas. It is the target of the therapeutic antibody Rituxan and patients may lose CD20 positivity in B cell lymphomas.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed strongly on mature B-cells, follicular dendritic cells of lymphoid tissues and derived tumors, and weakly on immature thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. A variety of lymphomas display disruption of CD21-positive follicular dendritic cell networks and precursor B-cell lymphomas, Burkitt lymphomas, plasmacytomas, and hairy cell leukemias lack CD21 expression.
A B cell specific surface antigen expressed in mature B cells, with expression restricted to normal and neoplastic B-cells, such as mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and absent from other hemopoietic cell types. It is highly expressed in hairy cell leukemia and follicular, mantle, and marginal zone B-cells. It is weakly expressed in germinal center B-cells.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed on a subset of peripheral blood cells, B-lymphocytes, and EBV transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, and a large subset of follicular dendritic cells. It is useful for distinguishing B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic leukemia from other entities and tends to be strongly coexpressed with CD5 on these B-cells.
A cell surface-associated protein that is the receptor for interleukin-2 and strongly expressed on the neoplastic T cells of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and a subset of other peripheral T-cell lymphomas. The aberrant expression of CD25 on mast cells is also an important immunophenotypic clue to the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis.
A multimeric cell surface-associated protein expressed in T cells in association with the T cell antigen receptor. It begins to be expressed during T cell development in the thymus and is the most specific T-cell antibody. It is aberrantly decreased in a subset of T cell neoplasms and expressed in normal thymocytes, peripheral T-cells, NK cells, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. NK cells express the epsilon chain of CD3 in the cytoplasm and in diseased cells, CD3 stains most T-cell lymphomas and rarely B-cell lymphomas.
A cytoplasmic and cell surface-associated protein expressed by a significant subset of activated B cells and T cells and is a lymphocyte activation antigen related to tumor necrosis factor. It is strongly and uniformly expressed in anaplastic large cell lymphoma among non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and is expressed at variable levels in infectious mononucleosis, lymphocytes infected with HIV, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV8 or hepatitis B, Reed-Sternberg cells, lymphomatoid papulosis, peripheral T-cell lymphomas, the majority of cases of classical Hogkin lymphoma, and embryonal cell tumors.
A transmembrane glycoprotein that is shared by vascular lining cells, megakaryocytes, and platelets expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and is an excellent marker of vascular neoplasms. It can also be used as a prognostic marker measuring tumor angiogenesis.
Identifies myeloid progenitors, monocytes, and macrophages, and is expressed by chronic myelogenous and monocytic leukemias, acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and some cases of myeloma.
A single chain transmembrane glycoprotein that is selectively expressed on human lymphoid and myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial cells. It labels many gastrointestinal stromal tumors, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, solitary fibrous tumor and a subset of sarcomas, and has been used to measure angiogenesis.
A transmembrane protein that mediates phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes and is a marker of both benign and malignant follicular dendritic cells that can be used in addition to CD21, CD23, and podoplanin to identify follicular dendritic cells. It is also found on erthrocytes, B-clls, a subset of T-cells, monocytes, macrophages cultured in vitro, neutrophils, eosinophils, glomerular podocytes and follicular dendritic cells. It is also useful in the diagnosis of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and in studying inflammatory disorders.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed at high levels in helper T-cells and at lower levels in monocytes., including Langerhans and other dendritic cells. It is absent from immature thymocytes, but most mature T-cell lymphomas are positive with the exception of aggressive NK-cell leukemia, extranodal NK-cell lymphoma, gamma delta T-cell lymphomas, and enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma. It is also the receptor for HIV.
A cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed on all thymocytes, T-cells, cells of myeloid lineage, and all leukocytes except resting B lymphocytes. CD34 antibody can be used to identify T-cell lymphoma and a subset of B-cell lymphoma. Co-expression with CD20 is a feature of a subset of low-grade lymphomas, and expression in lymphomas is highly correlated with CD5; therefore, most T-cell malignancies and a group of small lymphocyte B-cell malignancies are often positive, while follicular lymphoma is rarely positive.
A family of glycoproteins used to differentiate between urothelial transitional cell carcinoma-in-situ from non-neoplastic changes in the urothelium.
Identifies a family of membrane glycoproteins expressed at variable levels in hematopoietic cells (human leukocytes, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils) but is absent on normal and malignant non-hematopoietic tissues. Aberrant loss of CD45 is seen in a subset of precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemias, the majority of multiple myelomas, and in nearly all cases of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma on Reed-Sternberg cells and variants.
A cell surface-associated protein found on most thymocytes and immature peripheral T-cells, but not in NK cells. It stains normal B-cells of mantle zone of spleen and lymph nodes, B-cells in peritoneal and pleural cavities, and almost all T-cells. It shows aberrant expression by two B cell neoplasms, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, as well as hairy cell leukemia, most T-malignancies, and most thymic carcinomas. CD5 is usually negative in spindle cell thymona, while in a fetus, most B-cells in spleen and cord blood are CD5 positive.
Identifies two proteins of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expressed by NK cells and a subset of activated T cells and most neuroectodermally-derived cell lines, tissues, and neoplasms. It is aberrantly expressed by myeloid blasts, granulocytes, and/or monocytes in a subset of acute myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative syndromes, and by the neoplastic plasma cells in a large subset of multiple myelomas. It is also expressed on some mesodermally-derived tumors and is often positive in neuroendocrine carcinomas.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed on subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, NK active cells and activated T-cells, including so-called large granular lymphocytes, and neoplasms derived from these cells. Hematopoietic malignancies that are CD57 positive include a minority of T-lymphoblastic leukemias, roughly three quarters of the indolent T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemias, and a small portion of NK-cell lymphomas. Identification of positive cells is also useful in positively identifying lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
Identifies a cytoplasmic/lysozomal-associated protein expressed by normal and neoplastic monocytes/histiocytes, including Langerhans cells. It is useful for identifying macrophages and stains them in a wide variety of human tissues, including Kupffer cells and macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen, lamina propria of the gut, lung alveoli, and bone marrow. Neoplasms of lymphoid origin are usually negative, although some B cell neoplasms, most often small lymphocytic lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia, show weak staining of the cytoplasm. Reacts with myeloid precursors and peripheral blood granulocytes and shows strong staining of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia and also reacts with true histiocytic neoplasia, as well as granular cell tumors and some cases of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and pleomorphic sarcoma.
A cell-surface associated protein expressed in both mature and immature T-lymphocytes and T-cell leukemia, as well as NK cells and a small subpopulation of normal and malignant B-cells. Useful in identifying T-cell leukemias and myeloid leukemias, while expression is often lost in mycosis fungoides.
Identifies transferrin receptor required for delivery of iron from transferrin to cells, and is useful in identifying erythroid precursors with no interference from mature erthrocytes and in the determination of erythroid leukemia, benign erythroid proliferative disorders, and myelodysplastic syndrome. It displays specificity for erythrocyte precursors in normal and abnormal bone marrow sections.
A cytoplasmic antigen expressed at all stages of B cell maturation, from lymphoblasts through plasma cells. It first appears at the pre B-cell stage and persits until the plasma cell stage where it is found as an intracellular component. It is found in the majority of acute leukemias of precursor B-cell type, B-cell lines, B-cell lymphomas, and in some myelomas. Expression is decreased in most cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma and in a subset of non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas, and is not present in myeloid cells or T-cells.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed at relatively high levels by cytotoxic/suppressor T cells, and at lower levels by gamma-delta T cells and NK cells. It is also detected on most thymocytes, a subpopulation of null cells, and bone marrow cells. It is aberrantly decreased in a subset of T-cell and NK cell neoplasms and is useful in evaluating T-cell lymphomas.
Identifies the MIC2 gene product, E2, antigen that is strongly expressed by Ewing sarcoma cells, primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumors, and lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma.
Identifies a cyclin protein frequently activated by somatic genetic alterations in multiple tumor types. It is used to distinguish atypical lipomatous tumor well-differentiated liposarcoma (positive) from benign adipocytic neoplasms (negative).
An intenstinal-specific transcription factor that regulates both the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. It is expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells throughout the intestine, from duodenum to rectum, and is highly expressed in colorectal adenocarcinomas and at lower levels in the vast majority of non-colorectal GI carcinomas (those primary to the pancreatobiliary tract and stomach). It is also expressed in neuroendocrine carcinomas of the GI tract, but not in the normal gastric mucosa. It is useful in identifying metastatic carcinioma of colonic or other GI tract origin when presented with an unknown primary tumor.
Usually demonstrated as a linear labeling of the apical poles of cells lining the glandular lumen and occasionally as weak staining near the apex of normal colonic epithelial cells. It is expressed by a subset of epithelial cells and carcinomas, and pancreatic carcinomas, testicular tumors, gallblader neoplasms and grandular cell myoblastomas all stain positive, while malignant tumors of brain, prostate, skin, lymphoreticular tissues, hepatocellular carcinomas, esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, and mesothelioma fail to stain. Tumors tend to display an increased cytoplasmic staining.
Monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has become increasingly important as treatments improve. This flow cytometry panel follows the strategy developed by the European Research Initiative in CLL (ERIC) and can detect MRD at the 0.01% level. Detection of MRD above 0.01% is reported to be an independent predictor of progression-free survival and overall survival in CLL patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy. The prognostic value of achieving MRD-negative status with other CLL therapies is under investigation in clinical trials. Available as global test only. Markers are CD3, CD5, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD43, CD79b, CD81 (8 markers).
Identifies C cells of the thyroid and medullary thyroid carcinomas, and is used to demonstrate early or microscopic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), an MTC in the absence of amyloid deposits, distinguish non-typical forms of MTC from anaplastic carcinoma or malignant lymphoma, to differentiate MTC with microfollicular or papillary patterns from thyroid follicular and papillary mechanisms, and to identify C-cell hyperplasia in association with hypercalcemia of diverse etiologies.
A regulatory protein found in smooth muscle and tissues which interacts with actin, myosin, tryopomyosin, and calmodulin. It is a useful marker of smooth muscle and detects tumors of smooth muscle, myofibroblastic, and myoepithelial differentiation. It is also useful in the identification of leiomyosarcoma and is also useful in the differentiation of epitheliioid mesothelioma from serous papillary carcinoma of the ovary. It is generally negative in endometrial stromal tumors.
A smooth muscle specific cytoskeletal protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction that is useful in the identification of smooth muscle tumors and myoepithelium. It is also a useful tool to demonstrate the presence of myoepithelium around suspicious cell nests and helps distinguish in situ from invasive lesions when part of a panel. Two isoforms of calponin exist, and the expression of the 29kDa form is primarily restricted to muscle of the urogenital tract.
The most specific and reproducible positive marker of epithelial mesothelioma and helps distinguish mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma. It also identifies ovarian stromal tumors.
A cell surface transmembrane protein predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract and gall bladder which identifies renal cell carcinoma as well as other clear cell carcinomas, e.g. from urothelium and adrenal cortex. In the case of adenocarcinoma, the glandular regions of the colon are positive. This protein is also expressed in common epithelial tumors such as carcinomas of the esophagus, lung, colon, kidney, cervix, and non-small cell lung carcinoma, while expression is absent in normal kidney, chromophobe carcinomas, or oncocytomas.
Identifies a protein unique to the dense core granules of neuroendocrine cells and tumors and is present in several elements of the diffuse neuroendocrine system, including anterior pituitary, thyroid perifollicular C cells, parathyroid chief cells, pancreatic islet cells, intestinal enterochromaffin cells and tumors derived from these cells. It is an excellent marker for carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, and paragangliomas, but not as good a marker of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas as synaptophysin. Chromogranin immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, fetal liver, neurons, the inner segment of rods and cones, the submandibullar gland, and the central nervous system. Useful in evaluating neuroendocrine tumors.
Identifies a major constituent of the basement membranes. In the kidney, it reacts with glomerular and tubular basement membranes, parts of the mesenchymal matrix, and the Bowman's capsule, and also reacts with the basal lamina of capillaries and basement membranes in a variety of tissues. This antibody is useful in evaluating neural neoplasms.
Used to identify amyloid in tissue sections to demonstrate amyloidosis, a rare disease characterized by the deposition of insoluble misfolded proteins in various tissues and organs. The stain uses polarized light microscopy, and in cases with positive staining, immunohistochemical stains for amyloid A, amyloid P, and immunoglobulin light chains are available for further evaluation.
Identifies cells infected with cytomegalovirus with no cross-reactivity with other herpes viruses or adenoviruses.
This antibody reacts with an intermediate filament protein of both smooth and striated muscles, which is expressed primarily in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle cells and tumors. It is useful in the identification of tumors of myogenic origin, reacting with leiomyosarcomas (smooth muscle) and rhabdomyosarcomas (striated muscle), and is also expressed in reactive mesothelium and angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma.
Identifies a cell surface protein of unknown function selectively expressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and complements other markers such as c-kit (CD117). It identifies the vast majority of both c-kit negative and Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha mutated GIST cases that may still benefit from imatinib mesylate, an inhibitor of the Kit tyrosine kinase. DOG1 immunoreactivity is seen in fewer cases of mesanchymal, epithelial tumors and melanomas when compared with c-kit and will increase the accuracy of GIST diagnosis.
Identifies a transmembrane cell-cell adhesion protein that is expressed in cells of epithelial lineage. It stains positively in glandular epithelium, as well as adenocarcinomas of the lung, G.I. tract, and ovary. It is useful in distinguishing adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma and lobular carcinomas of the breast from ductal carcinomas using the presence of loss or profound reduction of protein expression.
Identifies all latent EBV-infected cells, including EBV-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines and EBV infected B-cell immunoblasts in infectious mononucleosis. It also reacts with EBV-associated undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas and with Reed-Sternberg cells in almost all EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma cases.
Identifies EBV latent membrane protein-1, a cell surface-associated protein encoded by the EBV genome and expressed by a subset of EBV-infected B-cells, more commonly in tonsils than in lymph nodes of EBV-infected individuals. This antibody reacts strongly with EBV-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines and EBV infected B-cell immunoblasts in infectious mononucleosis, and also reacts with some EBV-associated neoplasms, particularly EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a much less sensitive marker than EBER.
Identifies epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a transmembrane protein expressed by a subset of carcinomas and other tumors, with overexpression occurring in a variety of tumor types, including breast, prostate, ovarian, brain, lung, and predominantly squamous cell carcinomas. EGFR is the target of small molecules such as gefitinib and erolitinib, as well as humanized monoclonal antibodies such as cetuximab, and alterations in copy numbers of EGFR can be detected by FISH and mutations of the gene can be detected by PCR. Tumors that express EGFR are associated with a poor prognosis and a shorter disease-free survival. Most colon carcinomas will show expression of EGFR in over 1% of the invasive tumor cells.